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HOW DIFFERENT VIRUSES INFECT A COMPUTER

HOW VIRUSES AVOID DETECTION

WORM INFECTION METHODS

VIRUS MYTHS AND HOAXES

A Look Under the Hood of Firewalling Products

HOW TROJAN HORSES SPREAD

STOPPING A TROJAN HORSE

Viruses: Boot Sector Infectors (BSIs)

TYPES OF TROJAN HORSES

HOW HACKERS WRITE A TROJAN HORSE

Software security: The design phase analysis

Features Found in Firewall Products

Software Security Requirements

Software Application Development

What is Denial of Service

Suppose an attacker wants to take over 10,000 machines around the world. Perhaps the attacker needs this many systems to crack an encryption key or password. With 10,000 systems working in tandem, the attacker could break the encryption almost 10,000 times faster than with a single machine. Alternatively, the attacker might just want simple bragging rights with his or her buddies in the computer underground for having compromised that many boxes.

Now, to take over each system, the attacker might require one hour on average, which includes time for compromising the system, installing a backdoor, cleaning up the logs, and other activities to conform the machine to the attacker's wicked will. How long would it take such an attacker to dominate 10,000 machines? There's no need for you to run and get your calculator; I'll do the math for you. One hour per system times 10,000 systems will require 10,000 hours for the attack. Working around the clock, 24 hours a day, seven days a week with no break, our intrepid little attacker would require almost 14 months to achieve the goal. However, using a worm, the same 10,000 systems could be conquered in a few hours or even less. In this way, worms increase the scale of attacks available to the bad guys.

Making Traceback More Difficult

With 10,000 systems under their control, attackers can obscure their source location anywhere in a veritable maze of systems. I could easily build a worm that allows me to bounce connections from segment to segment of the worm. After compromising oodles of systems with this worm, I could launch some other attack against a target Web site, laundering the source of my attack through my worm network. If I'm careful, it'll be awfully hard to catch me as investigators get lost in the fog of connections bounced between various worm segments.

Consider a simple vulnerability scan. I could run a program that sends packets out across the network looking to see if a given target has various misconfigurations or other security flaws that would let me take it over. If I run such a scan from one of my own machines to check a target for vulnerabilities, I'll be launching thousands of packets across the network. The victim will see all my packets, and might be able to trace the attack back to me. However, if I use a bunch of worm segments to launch my scan, each of my 10,000 minions will only send a packet or two to check for an individual vulnerability.

Making matters worse, my vast array of worm warriors are located all over the Internet, in countries around the planet. Tracing my attack through these diverse locales will be difficult, as investigators encounter varied human languages and legal systems to confound their investigation. They'll have to coordinate the investigation with people in a dozen or more different countries, while I slip through their fingers. A friend of mine who was quite fond of puns once referred to this phenomenon of confounding an investigation by spreading worms around the planet as "global worming."

Amplifying Damage

Many different kinds of computer attacks are more damaging or even faster if launched from multiple systems simultaneously. If attackers can cause a damage level of X using one machine, they might be able to inflict 10,000 times X (or even more) in damage by using all the systems compromised by a worm. Alternatively, the attack might run 10,000 times faster if launched simultaneously on all of these worm segments. In these ways, worms amplify an attacker's capabilities.

Suppose an attacker wants to launch a distributed denial-of-service attack, sending a huge flood of packets against a target from multiple sources. The attacker's goal is to inundate the target with a tsunami of packets, so legitimate users cannot communicate with the victim because of the massive flood. With one system, the attacker can generate a reasonable traffic flow, but nothing to disable a typical server placed on the Internet. However, with a worm, the attacker could launch packets from 10,000 systems or more, easily sucking up every last drop of bandwidth going to the target server. You just cannot buy enough bandwidth to stop the flood from a determined attacker with tens of thousands of machines conquered by a worm.