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Antivirus software is one of the most widely adopted security mechanisms in use today. Even the stingiest of chief information officers (CIOs) will probably admit that not installing antivirus software would likely be violating due care principles that have become commonplace in modern computing environments.

When it comes to deploying antivirus software at home, there aren't that many different types of devices where we can install these programs. In the typical household, if you apply antivirus software to each home machine, you're in pretty good shape. The environment that supports a business tends to be more complex, though, and usually offers more installation options. When deciding where to deploy antivirus software in an organization, consider these infrastructure components that can act as gateways for viruses trying to reach potential hosts:

• User Workstations: As users double-click on e-mail attachments or download files from the Web, they are likely to encounter malware that will target their systems. Therefore, it is critical to have antivirus software running on workstations, both desktop and laptop models

• File Servers: A file server acts as a central repository for users' files, and is a great place to centrally detect and eradicate malicious code. Therefore, it is a good idea to run antivirus software on your file servers.

• Mail Servers: A mail server acts as a hub for mail processing within an organization, and is a great place to scan for malicious e-mail attachments before they reach end users. Installing antivirus software on such servers allows you to compensate for the possibility that it might be disabled on user workstations, or that the users' virus signatures are outdated.

• Application Servers: An application server typically runs network-based applications that implement certain business tasks, and its file system is not directly accessed by end users. System administrators are often cautious about installing antivirus software on such servers because it might interfere with the operation of the system's core application. If this applies to you, you may forego installing antivirus software on these servers, but you should still take other protective measures, such as configuration hardening.

• Border Firewalls: A firewall located on the border of your network can often be configured to integrate with an antivirus server for scanning e-mail or Web-browsing traffic as it enters and leaves the organization's network. Catching malware at this choke point, before it further infiltrates your infrastructure, is a powerful weapon against malicious code.

• Handhelds: These lightweight devices often take the form of personal digital assistants (PDAs). As handheld vendors add wireless and other networking capabilities to these devices, and as the PDAs' processing and memory capacity increase, they will become a more likely target for malware. Although not many specimens have targeted handhelds so far, keep an eye on the evolution of this threat vector, and install antivirus software on PDAs when the risk of infection justifies the cost of deployment.

Depending on the complexity of your infrastructure and on your budget, you might not be able to install antivirus software at all these locations. That's okay, as long as you combine antivirus software that you do deploy with other methods of defending against malware that we discuss a bit later in this section. But please do yourself a favor—at least install antivirus software on user workstations, file servers, and mail servers.

Now that we've seen where you can install this software, let's focus on how it works. To allow you to make the most of your antivirus software, we'll discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques antivirus software uses to detect malicious code, namely signatures, heuristics, and integrity verification.